David A. Tanzer, August 2020, in unit Epidemic Models 2.
In Epidemic Models 1, we introduced compartmental models, leading to the SEIR model, which is used for epidemics like Covid. The discussion there, however, was structural and qualitative. In this unit, we take the next step with these models, which is to analyze their dynamics – this will account for the rates at which the epidemic “moves” individuals … Read more
David A. Tanzer, August 17, 2020, in unit Epidemic Models 2.
In the last series, we introduced the idea of a reaction network, which is a collection of processes that are moving individuals between the compartments. What was missing there, though, was any kind of description of how fast the reactions run. This has a significant impact on the overall behavior of the network.
Let’s make … Read more
David A. Tanzer, August 17, 2020, in unit Epidemic Models 2.
Let’s take a simple model, with just one reaction:
$$\mathrm{Sick} \xrightarrow{\mathit{Recovery}} \mathrm{Healthy}$$
Suppose that everyone starts out ill, and eventually recovers.
Suppose that, on any given day, there is a 10% chance that a sick person will recover. So, viewing the process of recovery as a whole, it will … Read more
David A. Tanzer, August 17, 2020, in unit Epidemic Models 2.
Now let’s work out the equation for how the popping evolves over time.
Let Rate(t) be the average rate at which popping takes place at time $t$. Once the popping has begun, we expect Rate(t) to be high, and then dwindle down towards zero as more and more of the kernels have … Read more
David A. Tanzer, August 17, 2020, in unit Epidemic Models 2.
Last time, we analyzed a system with a single reaction:
And derived its rate equation:
In this article, we will see the solution to the equation, which will tell us exactly how the average popping rate evolves over time.
Note this article strikes a comparatively more … Read more
David A. Tanzer, August 17, 2020, in unit Epidemic Models 2.
In the previous article, we analyzed a simple system with a simple reaction:
$$\mathrm{Unpopped} \xrightarrow{\mathrm{Cooking}} \mathrm{Popped}$$
There we saw that the rate of the reaction is proportional both to a constant associated with the reaction, and to the count in compartment Unpopped. This will hold for all reactions that take … Read more
David A. Tanzer, August 17, 2020, in unit Epidemic Models 2.
The same kinetics occurs in chemical reaction networks. To illustrate, suppose there were two types of molecules, A and B, and that one A and one B molecule could collide to form a C molecule. So the reaction would be written $$A + B \rightarrow C$$.
Now imagine that a large number of … Read more
David A. Tanzer, August 17, 2020, in unit Epidemic Models 2.
Recall that for dynamics, we want to get at the way that the compartments S, I, R evolve over tune,
So far, we’ve defined the rates at which the reactions fire.
So now let’s summarize the rates for the SIR model:
David A. Tanzer, August 24, 2020, in unit Epidemic Models 2.
With the advent of the rate equation, we have shifted into a model of reaction networks consisting of “pumps” that move at continuous rates, transferring “mathematical fluid” between containers. Yet, as we have indicated, the real activity proceeds by discrete steps; an individual recovers, two molecules collide to form a compound.
How are these … Read more
David A. Tanzer, August 24, 2020, in unit Epidemic Models 2.
The standard compartmental models for SIR, SEIR etc. use the rate equations for the dynamics, and hence assume a continuous flow model.
This works well, particularly due to the fact that population sizes in epidemics are “large”, on the order of millions of individuals, and the law of large numbers kicks … Read more